#!!!如果你拷贝不注明出处的话,以后老子都不写了!!!
#知识储备:
#产生的新对象 = object.__new__(继承object类的子类)
#步骤一:如果说People=type(类名,类的父类们,类的名称空间),那么我们定义元类如下,来控制类的创建
class Mymeta(type): # 继承默认元类的一堆属性
def __init__(self, class_name, class_bases, class_dic):
if '__doc__' not in class_dic or not class_dic.get('__doc__').strip():
raise TypeError('必须为类指定文档注释')
if not class_name.istitle():
raise TypeError('类名首字母必须大写')
super(Mymeta, self).__init__(class_name, class_bases, class_dic)
class People(object, metaclass=Mymeta):
country = 'China'
def __init__(self, name, age):
self.name = name
self.age = age
def talk(self):
print('%s is talking' % self.name)
#步骤二:如果我们想控制类实例化的行为,那么需要先储备知识__call__方法的使用
class People(object,metaclass=type):
def __init__(self,name,age):
self.name=name
self.age=age
def __call__(self, *args, **kwargs):
print(self,args,kwargs)
# 调用类People,并不会出发__call__
obj=People('egon',18)
# 调用对象obj(1,2,3,a=1,b=2,c=3),才会出发对象的绑定方法obj.__call__(1,2,3,a=1,b=2,c=3)
obj(1,2,3,a=1,b=2,c=3) #打印:<__main__.People object at 0x10076dd30> (1, 2, 3) {'a': 1, 'b': 2, 'c': 3}
#总结:如果说类People是元类type的实例,那么在元类type内肯定也有一个__call__,会在调用People('egon',18)时触发执行,然后返回一个初始化好了的对象obj
#步骤三:自定义元类,控制类的调用(即实例化)的过程
class Mymeta(type): #继承默认元类的一堆属性
def __init__(self,class_name,class_bases,class_dic):
if not class_name.istitle():
raise TypeError('类名首字母必须大写')
super(Mymeta,self).__init__(class_name,class_bases,class_dic)
def __call__(self, *args, **kwargs):
#self=People
print(self,args,kwargs) #<class '__main__.People'> ('egon', 18) {}
#1、实例化People,产生空对象obj
obj=object.__new__(self)
#2、调用People下的函数__init__,初始化obj
self.__init__(obj,*args,**kwargs)
#3、返回初始化好了的obj
return obj
class People(object,metaclass=Mymeta):
country='China'
def __init__(self,name,age):
self.name=name
self.age=age
def talk(self):
print('%s is talking' %self.name)
obj=People('egon',18)
print(obj.__dict__) #{'name': 'egon', 'age': 18}
#步骤四:
class Mymeta(type): #继承默认元类的一堆属性
def __init__(self,class_name,class_bases,class_dic):
if not class_name.istitle():
raise TypeError('类名首字母必须大写')
super(Mymeta,self).__init__(class_name,class_bases,class_dic)
def __call__(self, *args, **kwargs):
#self=People
print(self,args,kwargs) #<class '__main__.People'> ('egon', 18) {}
#1、调用self,即People下的函数__new__,在该函数内完成:1、产生空对象obj 2、初始化 3、返回obj
obj=self.__new__(self,*args,**kwargs)
#2、一定记得返回obj,因为实例化People(...)取得就是__call__的返回值
return obj
class People(object,metaclass=Mymeta):
country='China'
def __init__(self,name,age):
self.name=name
self.age=age
def talk(self):
print('%s is talking' %self.name)
def __new__(cls, *args, **kwargs):
obj=object.__new__(cls)
cls.__init__(obj,*args,**kwargs)
return obj
obj=People('egon',18)
print(obj.__dict__) #{'name': 'egon', 'age': 18}
#步骤五:基于元类实现单例模式,比如数据库对象,实例化时参数都一样,就没必要重复产生对象,浪费内存
class Mysql:
__instance=None
def __init__(self,host='127.0.0.1',port='3306'):
self.host=host
self.port=port
@classmethod
def singleton(cls,*args,**kwargs):
if not cls.__instance:
cls.__instance=cls(*args,**kwargs)
return cls.__instance
obj1=Mysql()
obj2=Mysql()
print(obj1 is obj2) #False
obj3=Mysql.singleton()
obj4=Mysql.singleton()
print(obj3 is obj4) #True
#应用:定制元类实现单例模式
class Mymeta(type):
def __init__(self,name,bases,dic): #定义类Mysql时就触发
self.__instance=None
super().__init__(name,bases,dic)
def __call__(self, *args, **kwargs): #Mysql(...)时触发
if not self.__instance:
self.__instance=object.__new__(self) #产生对象
self.__init__(self.__instance,*args,**kwargs) #初始化对象
#上述两步可以合成下面一步
# self.__instance=super().__call__(*args,**kwargs)
return self.__instance
class Mysql(metaclass=Mymeta):
def __init__(self,host='127.0.0.1',port='3306'):
self.host=host
self.port=port
obj1=Mysql()
obj2=Mysql()
print(obj1 is obj2)
class Mymetaclass(type):
def __new__(cls,name,bases,attrs):
update_attrs={}
for k,v in attrs.items():
if not callable(v) and not k.startswith('__'):
update_attrs[k.upper()]=v
else:
update_attrs[k]=v
return type.__new__(cls,name,bases,update_attrs)
class Chinese(metaclass=Mymetaclass):
country='China'
tag='Legend of the Dragon' #龙的传人
def walk(self):
print('%s is walking' %self.name)
print(Chinese.__dict__)
'''
{'__module__': '__main__',
'COUNTRY': 'China',
'TAG': 'Legend of the Dragon',
'walk': <function Chinese.walk at 0x0000000001E7B950>,
'__dict__': <attribute '__dict__' of 'Chinese' objects>,
'__weakref__': <attribute '__weakref__' of 'Chinese' objects>,
'__doc__': None}
'''
class Mymetaclass(type):
# def __new__(cls,name,bases,attrs):
# update_attrs={}
# for k,v in attrs.items():
# if not callable(v) and not k.startswith('__'):
# update_attrs[k.upper()]=v
# else:
# update_attrs[k]=v
# return type.__new__(cls,name,bases,update_attrs)
def __call__(self, *args, **kwargs):
if args:
raise TypeError('must use keyword argument for key function')
obj = object.__new__(self) #创建对象,self为类Foo
for k,v in kwargs.items():
obj.__dict__[k.upper()]=v
return obj
class Chinese(metaclass=Mymetaclass):
country='China'
tag='Legend of the Dragon' #龙的传人
def walk(self):
print('%s is walking' %self.name)
p=Chinese(name='egon',age=18,sex='male')
print(p.__dict__)