> For the complete documentation index, see [llms.txt](https://triaquae.gitbook.io/python-book/llms.txt). Markdown versions of documentation pages are available by appending `.md` to page URLs; this page is available as [Markdown](https://triaquae.gitbook.io/python-book/di-2-zhang-python-ji-chu-2/29-ji-ben-shu-ju-lei-xing-2014-2014-ji-he.md).
# 2.10 基本数据类型——集合
## 本节重点
1.让学员了解什么是集合以及集合的作用
2.让学员掌握集合的定义和基本特征
3.让学员掌握集合的关系运算和常用操作
## 引子
现在有一个linux班一个python班，我们创建两个列表，把班里的学生表示出来：
l = \['张三','李四','老男孩']
p = \['张三','李四','alex']
现在要找出既在linux班上课也在python班上课的学生，应该怎么找？
```python
l= ['张三','李四','老男孩']
p = ['张三','李四','alex']
l_p = []
for i in l:
if i in p:
l_p.append(i)
print(l_p)
```
上面这种方法可以实现我们的需求，但是比较麻烦，而且当列表变得非常长，执行代码的效率也是问题。
接下来，我们要学习一种新的数据类型，能够非常轻松的帮我们完成这个任务。
## 认识集合
集合是一个数学概念：由一个或多个确定的元素所构成的整体叫做集合。
**集合中的元素有三个特征：**
1.确定性（元素必须可hash）
2.互异性（去重）
3.无序性（集合中的元素没有先后之分），如集合{3,4,5}和{3,5,4}算作同一个集合。
> 注意：集合存在的意义就在于**去重和关系运算**
## 用集合解决问题
```python
l= {'张三','李四','老男孩'} #集合定义
p = {'张三','李四','alex'}
l_p = l&p #集合求交集
print(l_p)
```
## 集合的定义
```python
l= {1,2,3,1} #此处应说明集合“去重”的效果
#定义可变集合
>>> set_test=set('hello') #此处应说明集合的“无序性”
>>> set_test
{'l', 'o', 'e', 'h'}
#改为不可变集合frozenset
>>> f_set_test=frozenset(set_test)
>>> f_set_test
frozenset({'l', 'e', 'h', 'o'})
```
## 集合的**关系运算**
除了刚刚我们学过的交集之外，集合还可以做其他的关系运算。
继续以引子为例，现在已知两个集合分别是学习linux班的同学和学习python班的同学
&.&=:交集——既学习linux课程也学习python课程的同学
```python
l= {'张三','李四','老男孩'}
p = {'张三','李四','alex'}
print(l.intersection(p))
print(l&p)
```
|,|=:合集，也叫并集——linux班和python班的所有同学
> 这里同学们不可以单纯的认为python班的人数+linux班的人数就是结果，如果两班人数相加应该是6人。但学习Linux班的张三和李四还同时在python班学习，因此我们实际上总共只有四个学员。**求并集除了合并效果之外还有去重功能**
```python
l= {'张三','李四','老男孩'}
p = {'张三','李四','alex'}
print(l.union(p))
print(l|p)
```
－,－=:差集——只在linux而不python班的同学
```python
l= {'张三','李四','老男孩'}
p = {'张三','李四','alex'}
print(l.difference(p))
print(l-p)
```
^,^=:对称差集——只在linux班或只在python班的同学
```python
a = {1,2,3}
b = {2,3,4,5}
print(a.symmetric_difference(b))
print(a^b)
```
包含关系
in,not in：判断某元素是否在集合内\
＝＝,！＝:判断两个集合是否相等
两个集合之间一般有三种关系，相交、包含、不相交。在Python中分别用下面的方法判断：
* set.isdisjoint(s)：判断两个集合是不是不相交
* set.issuperset(s)：判断集合是不是包含其他集合，等同于a>=b
* set.issubset(s)：判断集合是不是被其他集合包含，等同于a<=b
## **集合的常用操作**
**元素的增加**
单个元素的增加 : add()，add的作用类似列表中的append
对序列的增加 : update()，而update类似extend方法，update方法可以支持同时传入多个参数：
```python
>>> a={1,2}
>>> a.update([3,4],[1,2,7])
>>> a
{1, 2, 3, 4, 7}
>>> a.update("hello")
>>> a
{1, 2, 3, 4, 7, 'h', 'e', 'l', 'o'}
>>> a.add("hello")
>>> a
{1, 2, 3, 4, 'hello', 7, 'h', 'e', 'l', 'o'}
```
**元素的删除**
集合删除单个元素有两种方法：
元素不在原集合中时：
set.discard(x)不会抛出异常
set.remove(x)会抛出KeyError错误
```python
>>> a={1,2,3,4}
>>> a.discard(1)
>>> a
{2, 3, 4}
>>> a.discard(1)
>>> a
{2, 3, 4}
>>> a.remove(1)
Traceback (most recent call last):
File "", line 1, in
KeyError: 1
```
pop()：由于集合是无序的，pop返回的结果不能确定，且当集合为空时调用pop会抛出KeyError错误，
clear():清空集合
```python
>>> a={3,"a",2.1,1}
>>> a.pop()
>>> a.pop()
>>> a.clear()
>>> a
set()
>>> a.pop()
Traceback (most recent call last):
File "", line 1, in
KeyError: 'pop from an empty set'
```
## 集合的工厂函数
```python
class set(object):
"""
set() -> new empty set object
set(iterable) -> new set object
Build an unordered collection of unique elements.
"""
def add(self, *args, **kwargs): # real signature unknown
"""
Add an element to a set.
This has no effect if the element is already present.
"""
pass
def clear(self, *args, **kwargs): # real signature unknown
""" Remove all elements from this set. """
pass
def copy(self, *args, **kwargs): # real signature unknown
""" Return a shallow copy of a set. """
pass
def difference(self, *args, **kwargs): # real signature unknown
"""
相当于s1-s2
Return the difference of two or more sets as a new set.
(i.e. all elements that are in this set but not the others.)
"""
pass
def difference_update(self, *args, **kwargs): # real signature unknown
""" Remove all elements of another set from this set. """
pass
def discard(self, *args, **kwargs): # real signature unknown
"""
与remove功能相同，删除元素不存在时不会抛出异常
Remove an element from a set if it is a member.
If the element is not a member, do nothing.
"""
pass
def intersection(self, *args, **kwargs): # real signature unknown
"""
相当于s1&s2
Return the intersection of two sets as a new set.
(i.e. all elements that are in both sets.)
"""
pass
def intersection_update(self, *args, **kwargs): # real signature unknown
""" Update a set with the intersection of itself and another. """
pass
def isdisjoint(self, *args, **kwargs): # real signature unknown
""" Return True if two sets have a null intersection. """
pass
def issubset(self, *args, **kwargs): # real signature unknown
"""
相当于s1<=s2
Report whether another set contains this set. """
pass
def issuperset(self, *args, **kwargs): # real signature unknown
"""
相当于s1>=s2
Report whether this set contains another set. """
pass
def pop(self, *args, **kwargs): # real signature unknown
"""
Remove and return an arbitrary set element.
Raises KeyError if the set is empty.
"""
pass
def remove(self, *args, **kwargs): # real signature unknown
"""
Remove an element from a set; it must be a member.
If the element is not a member, raise a KeyError.
"""
pass
def symmetric_difference(self, *args, **kwargs): # real signature unknown
"""
相当于s1^s2
Return the symmetric difference of two sets as a new set.
(i.e. all elements that are in exactly one of the sets.)
"""
pass
def symmetric_difference_update(self, *args, **kwargs): # real signature unknown
""" Update a set with the symmetric difference of itself and another. """
pass
def union(self, *args, **kwargs): # real signature unknown
"""
相当于s1|s2
Return the union of sets as a new set.
(i.e. all elements that are in either set.)
"""
pass
def update(self, *args, **kwargs): # real signature unknown
""" Update a set with the union of itself and others. """
pass
...略...
```